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Afghanistan Regional Network Pathology and\nIts<\/strong>
\nNational\nSecurity (Regular Colonial Period \u201cBig
\nGame\u201d and\nInternational System)<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by: <\/strong>Javad Miri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the geopolitics network of\nglobal system, international system is determined based on geography boundaries\nand each country in the world is placed in one or multiple subsidiary system\nfrom the mentioned system. Countries will roll-playing in the system according\nto their position in the global power structure. Historically, the security and\nsurvive of countries have been affected by the evolution in the geopolitics\nstructure of international system. Accordingly, understanding Afghanistan\nhappens when, similar to other countries historical experiences, its strategic\nlocation and environment is considered. Therefore, this study focuses on\nAfghanistan pathology of regional network and its effects on national security.\nConsidering countries\u2019 security and survive, the issue is affected by\ngeopolitics structure, Therefore, this question arises that which areas from\nAfghanistan regional network. And, what are its effects on the national security?\nTo answer this question, considering history, we explore Afghanistan regional\nnetwork using secret method. In this method, environment strategic and threats\nare used as independent variables and adopted policies from the foreign policy\nchannels and consequently national security of this country as dependent\nvariable. In the data collection section and analysis of the study, Afghanistan\nregional network is consisted of four regions (Wealthy inhabitants of Central\nAsia, Qing Dynasty, Persian Kingdom, Britain-India) and two foreign interferer powers\n(Britain Empire, and Russia Empire). In this time, Afghanistan geography was as\ngeopolitics between these two empires. In this time, the threats are from the\nforeign
\ninterferes which they are looking for analysis and combination of Afghanistan geography;\nthey reach their goal by military strikes and imposed coagulation treaties. On\nthe other hand, Afghan policies are different according to the threats.                                                        \n                                                                                                      <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words:<\/strong> Geopolitics Network, National Security, Region,\ninterferer Powers, Big Game, Big Transition<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u00ad<\/strong> <\/strong>\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f<\/strong>\u06cc:<\/strong>\u00ad<\/strong>\u0632\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0634.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the Horizon of Persian Ghazal<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n<\/strong>Written by: <\/strong>Mir Ziaaddin Miri & Mohammad Naser Rahyab<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hesitations on literature, poetry,\naesthetic, etc. have been started from the early period of their emergence.\nMany scholars have been working tirelessly to introduce them to others. Dariush\nSaboor, the author of \u201cThe Horizon of Persian Ghazal,\u201d before discussing the\nchronological emergence of ghazal, has discussed these issues. His book is one\nof the rare books about the genre of ghazal, which has many readers. In\naddition to being a primary source regarding ghazal, his work has been used in\nmany research studies. In this research, we have attempted to answer the\nfollowing questions: According to Saboor, what is beauty and what are the\ncharacteristics of art? Based on \u201cThe Horizon of Persian Ghazal,\u201d how is poetry\ncreated, and what are the characteristics of a poem? How are the ideas\nregarding literature and its characteristics in \u201cThe Horizon of Persian Ghazal\u201d\ncan be explored using some of Mohammad Naser Rahyab\u2019s writings on \u2018poetry,\nbeautiful language of art?\u2019 Some of the major characteristics of \u201cThe Horizon\nof Persian Ghazal\u201d include relativity of beauty and ineffective and\ndisorganized classification of literature, art and other literary genres.                                                                                                             \n                                   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words:<\/strong> Beauty, Literature, Art, Poetry, On the Horizon of\nPersian Ghazal, Method<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f<\/strong>\u06cc<\/strong>:  \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\n\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0621\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc1392\u060c \u06a9\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc1396.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparison Investigation of White Criminality
\nSignatures in Afghanistan\u2019s Code of Conduct
\nwith the Islamic penal code of Iran<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by: <\/strong>Abdul Qadir Soroush<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The white crime is a kind of criminal\nsignature of crime which is originated from a piece of paper that is\nincompletely marked and signed or sealed, in which the offender completes empty\nparts and applies it to the detriment of the owner or the wearer. In this crime,\nit is not necessary that the white bearer be signed and the person\ncommitting the submission of the object as a material condition.\nWith the comparative study of the criminal system between the two\ncountries of Afghanistan and Iran, it was established that the crime\nof abusive use of white is a sign of a crime of treason, but with the\ndifference that the Islamic Penal Code of Iran approved in 2013, the\ncondition for the removal of the crime was abolished, but in Afghan Refugee\nCode 1396, it is a prerequisite. In order to realize this crime, the\nfollowing conditions are common to both criminal systems in order for a crime\nto emerge. The existence of a signature plate, the incompleteness of\nthe text of the document, lack of significance of the content, absence of\na specific feature in the offender and the victim of a crime, etc. In addition to\nthe above, the perpetrator must be mistreated; otherwise the crime will not occur.                                                                                          \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words:<\/strong> white signatures, special forms of\nbetrayal in trust, abuse, Islamic Penal Code 1392, Penal code 1396<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Introduction\nto Fundamentals of civil responsibility in Islamic<\/strong>
\njurisprudence\nand Afghan Law Writer<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by:<\/strong> Yahya Mujaddi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064e\u064e<\/strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Civil liability is a word that Roman lawyers\nhave for the first time referred to as non-contractual events, although this is\na new term, but the term “victim of civil liability” has long been in\nthe hands of the Islamic jurists. The discussion of the basis of civil\nliability or, in the words of the jurists, is the coercive guarantee of a\ngeneral discussion of the structure of the creation of no contractual\nobligations. Civic liability is explicitly mentioned in certain civil laws, and\nbecause this gadget is based on theories on the basis of responsibility, it\nappears in different legal systems. In this research, the basis of civil\nliability in Afghanistan’s law, Islamic jurisprudence has been emphasized, and\nwe focus on jurisprudential and legal opinions on the basis of civil liability.\nWe were looking at the question of what are the foundations of civil\nresponsibility in Afghan law, and what is the basis that has been recognized in\nIslamic jurisprudence? In the meantime, we have examined the basic differences\nwith the rights of some countries. In the study, we came to the points of\nreference and differences that exist between Afghanistan’s law and other legal\nsystems. In this regard, we have deduced the research from the jurisprudential\nand legal viewpoints on the basis of civil liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words<\/strong>: <\/strong>Principles of civil responsibility,\nIslamic jurisprudence, Afghan law, theory of fault, theory of danger<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648 \u0622\u0628\u0634\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u060c\n\u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f<\/strong>\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u060c\n\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparative Researches on\nIntellectual Discourses between Taliban and Mujahidin in Afghanistan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by:<\/strong> Mohammad Aqil Yousefi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The discourses between Taliban and\nMujahidin take place upon two different concepts from Islamic Studies. While\nboth parts try for establishing an Islamic State\/framework, for national\nsolidarity, effacement of poverty, serenity and prosperity. They have different\nthoughts, while following the same religious principles; therefore their\ncontradictions escalate the discourses which turn into disagreements. To begin\nwith, Taliban follow the school of Deuband, Wahabeyat and the Pakistan\nCommunity theologians who once founded the Taliban Regime in Afghanistan.\nMujahidin, On the other hand, believe\/follow the intellectual school of\nEkhwanul Muslemin (Muslim
\nBrotherhood), which is one the most credited Islamic Universities (Alazhar\nUniversity). Ekhwanul Muslimeen practice the brotherhood ways or Ekhwani ways\nwhich is against Mark cist Ways. As for this abstract, the goal is to do a\n\u201cComparative Researches on Intellectual Discourses between Taliban and\nMujahidin in Afghanistan\u201d, to create a clear image about the discourses between\nthe two sides. Furthermore, the exact question on this research is;
\nwhere do the sources of the discourses come from if they both believe in the\nsame Book? What do they have in common? The theory in this abstract goes that:\nTaliban go after the school of Deuband, Wahabeyat and Pakistan.
\nMujadin, however, follow Ekhwanul Muslimeen in Egypt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words:<\/strong> Discourse, Mujahidin, Taliban, Muslim\nBrotherhood, Wahabeyat, Indian
\nDeoband School and Jamaat Al-Alami of Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ethnocentrism in Social Media of\nAfghanistan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by: <\/strong>Hossein Ali Alizadeh<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afghanistan is a multinational\ncountry where there has been ethnocentrism from the past. With the expansion of
\nsocial media, this ethnocentrism on the Internet has got new dimensionality in\nthe recent past years. Ethnocentrism has roots in the history of the country;\nrulers of the country have always used from ethnocentric politics for\ncontinuing their ruling. In this research, I have tried to investigate the\ntypes and rates of ethnocentrism on Facebook. The results of the current study\nrevealed that there are different types of ethnocentrism on Facebook.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words: <\/strong>Ethnocentrism, Ethnicity, Social\nMedia, Racism based on Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Traditional civil society and nation building in\nAfghanistan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by: <\/strong>Abdul Rashid Faizi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The concept of civil society is rooted in the social and\npolitical developments in Europe. Respecting the private property, the\ndispersion of political power, institutions independent of political power and\nthe continuation of aristocratic privileges were among the features of\nfeudalism. There are fewer situations outside of Europe, and
\nthe relationship between modern and traditional civil society is very complex.\nTraditional civil society does not have specialized organizations. In this kind\nof society if the government is powerful, the civil society will be weak and\nvice versa. The Afghan society has experienced inefficient governments in the\nhistory before it reaches the
\nstage of nation-building. These governments have either been so totalitarian\nand self-sufficient that has failed over period of time or they have been so\nminor that that have not been effective for the community. It should be noted\nthat government building is prior to the process of nation-building. So the\nsuccess of the nation-building
\nprocess requires a sound government to be able to manage and supervise the\nprocedures. Afghanistan does not have a united nation because of its diverse\nethnic groups. To form a nation more concentration should be on visible factors\nrather than intellectual factors. Consequently, the dominant and classical\nconception of unity in the undeveloped society is in the clear or objective\nsense of national unity in the form of a single nation, but in developed nation\nthis concept occurs in terms of validity and worthiness and national unity is\nformed in terms of single nation. Therefore, traditional civil society in\nAfghanistan has been a challenge in the process of nation building in the\ncontext of history. The role of traditional institutions such as assemblies,\ncouncils, mosques, masters, and property of the people have been largely\neffective in government and even sometimes in many cases go along with the\npower of the government. On the other hand, these traditional societies\nideologically don\u2019t have compatibility with the new phenomena intellectually\nand they have always been in conflict. So the main question is how the\nrelationship between traditional civil society and nation-building in\nAfghanistan is? Consequently, this contradiction will be shown in this\narticle.                                                                 \n                                           <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words:<\/strong> Civil\nsociety, traditional civil society, nation building, jirga, council,\nAfghanistan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc:<\/strong> \u062e\u0637\n\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studying the role of Security Council in\nAfghanistan and Pakistan\u2019s borderline conflict.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by: <\/strong>Roya Afif <\/strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Since Pakistan was formed, Afghanistan and\nPakistan’s relation has usually been in contrast. The root of all these\noppositions goes back to Durend line, which took a lot of steps in order to\nsolve the conflict. But these solutions haven’t been so useful. The purpose of\nthis article is to study the role of international humanism that describes the\njob of protecting the world peace and security for the Security Council in\nAfghanistan and Pakistan’s border line conflict. So the main question is what\nhas been the role of Security Council of United Nation organization in\nAfghanistan and Pakistan’s border line conflict. In reply to this question,\nthere is a theory that the security council of United Nation organization\nhasn’t been so significant because of Afghanistan’s luck of power toward\nPakistan and not involvement of world by powers in this conflict. For testing\nthis theory, two methods (new realism and analytic descriptive method) have\nbeen used. The results of studying show that lack of involvement of world by\npowers in solving the conflict and the power level opposition of Afghanistan\nand Pakistan, Afghanistan’s claim will not have a significant result in\ninternational associations like Security Council.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words<\/strong>: Duurend line, Security Council, conflict solution\nAfghanistan, Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648 <\/strong>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc:<\/strong>  \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c\n\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ijtihad and jihad<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by:<\/strong> Mansoor Ghamaizai Shaaer<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ijtihad is not only permissible, but\nessential from the Islamic point of view. It is an obligation in Islam to study\neverything which is necessary for the spiritual development and material\nwell-being of the Muslim community. However, this obligation is of the category\nwhich is known as wajibkifa’i, meaning “an obligation which is on every\nmember of the community as long as it is unfulfilled; but as soon as some\nperson or persons has fulfilled it, it is no longer an obligation on those who\nhave not fulfilled it.” In the present instance, for example, Islamic\nsociety needs experts in the medical sciences, in physics and chemistry, in\nengineering, education; and as long as there is a lack of expertise in these\nareas, it is an obligation on the community as a whole to acquire it. This\nmeans that a group of Muslims must devote themselves to research so as to\nbenefit the Islamic people. Similarly, an Islamic society without experts in\nthe shari’ah cannot properly consider itself Islamic, and so it is an obligation\nfor a group of persons from this society to devote themselves to the study of\nthe religious sciences to provide proper guidance to all Muslims. This is such\nan important obligation that Allah (SWT) has exempted those who go to seek\nreligious knowledge from the duty of jihad. He says: “It is not (right)\nfor the believers to go forth all together (for jihad). So why should not a\nparty from every section of them (the believers) go forth to become learned in\nthe religion, and to warn their people when they return to them-so that haply\nthey may beware?” (Surah at-Tawba, 9:122) It is clear from many narrati\nImams of Ahlul-Bayt (a.s.) used to be pleased whenever any of their companions\ntaught religion or gave legal rulings (fatwa) to others. There are several documented\ncases of Shi’ahs who lived far from Medina asking the Imam of their time to\nappoint someone in their area to adjudicate between them in religious problems:\nZakariyyahibn Adam al Qummi and Yunusibn’ Abdu’r-Rahman, for example, were\nnamed by Imam Ali ar-Riza (a.s.), to solve disputes in their own districts. In\na famous hadith, ‘Umar ibn Hanzalah asked Imam Ja’far as-Sadiq (a.s.) about the\nlegality of two Shi’ahs seeking a verdict from an illegitimate ruler in a\ndispute over a debt or a legacy. The Imam’s answer was that it was absolutely\nforbidden to do so. Then IbnHanzalah asked what the two should do, and the Imam\nreplied: “They must seek out one of your own who narrates our traditions,\nwho is versed in what is permissible and what is forbidden, who is\nwell-acquainted with our laws and ordinances, and accept him as judge and\narbiter, for I appoint him as judge over you…” Besides these ahadith, we\nhave quite a few sayings of the Imams which tell us what to do if we come\nacross two ahadith which are contradictory or semi-contradictory and solving\nthe contradictory ahadith is one of the functions of ijtihad. These types of\nahadith are known as al-akhbar alilajiyyah, the ahadith which solve the\nproblems in the process of ijtihad. What we have mentioned above clearly shows\nthat ijtihad is necessary for the perpetuity of the Islamic legal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words<\/strong>: Islam, ways, system, Ijtihad, legal,\nislamic<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u00ad\u06cc\u00ad\n\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc  \u0635\u062d\u0646\u0647\u00ad\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u06af \u0633\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\n\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u00ad \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0641)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0636\u06cc\u0623\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u0631\u06cc   :<\/strong> <\/strong>\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u00ad\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u00ad\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc: <\/strong>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0686\u0647\u0631\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0645\u00ad\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u060c\n\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparing the Structure of Sohrab\nand Dara\u2019s Death Settings: Using Vladimir Propp
\nand Tzvetan Todorov\u2019s Views<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wr<\/strong>itten by:<\/strong> Mir Ziaaddin Mir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Structuralism is undoubtedly one of the best\nways for achieving applied and comprehensive results in Persian literature. Structuralisms\nlike Vladimir Prop and Tzvetan Todorov have explored the behaviors of\nprotagonists in stories, focusing in the structure and morphology of the texts.\nThis research has employed Tzvetan Todorov’s views to compare the structure of\nSohrab and Dara’s death settings in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and Nezami’s Sharaf\nNameh. The following research questions have guided this study: In these two\ndeath settings, are similar structures used? What types of structures with\nwhich characteristics are used in these two death settings? The analysis of\nthese two death settings reveal similarities between the stories because Rostam\nand Iskandar killed and buried the body, Sohrab and Dara while being hurt with\na blade talked with the killer, and Kawos and Dara deceived the killers,\nthereby indicating major similarities between the structures of the two\nsettings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words:<\/strong> structure, character, action, similar\nstructure, Sohrab, Dara, Ferdowsi, Nezam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647:<\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0642\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641\u06cc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/strong> \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u067e\u0627\u067e\u060c\n\u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0639\u062a \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0628\u064c\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conflict between church and\ngovernment and its consequences<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by: <\/strong>Mohammad Aqil Yousefi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The tension between the clerical authority\n(pope) and political authority (emperor) is one of the most important\ncontributors to the history of Chinese and European history. In the first\nperiod of the Middle Ages, the institution of church and state were separated\nand coordinated in parallel and did not have serious rivalry. But infertility\ncame when the emperor demanded his commitment to a sustainable ideology. For\nthis reason, Christianity became the official religion of the empire. With the\nconversion of Christianity as the official religion of the empire, the church\nfound freedom of action fruitless, and gradually the problem of relations\nbetween the clerical authority and its province over the state or the dominance\nof the state on the church was placed in the center of political thought.\nNaseef Church and government, which began with the name of the Archbishop of\nMilan, began to perform “ritual ceremonies”, culminated in the\ntradition of “Khalat-e-Pushan”, which marked an important historical\nperiod in the Christian history of the West. Different perspectives have been\ngiven to this historical date, so that it is also interpreted in a historical\nsense as a contemporary era. But in this article, the positive consequences of these\nstrife have been addressed, and conflict and conflict between the church and\nthe state are considered as one of the factors of the creation of freedom and\nthe formation of modern-day state. Therefore, the fundamental question of this\nresearch is whether the dispute between the church and the government has a\nconsequence? According to this question, the main hypothesis is that the\nconflict between the church and the state is one of the factors that make\nfreedom and the formation of a modern state in the West.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words<\/strong>: church, state, absolute pope, allegorical\ncommentary, idolatry tradition, ritual ceremon<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Design of\nHandmade Solar Boiler and<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Effect of\nthermal insulations in heat conservation<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by<\/strong>: Zabihollah Tahery, Abdul Karim Pouya<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This paper\nreport the results of an experiment on a handmade solar boiler focusing on the\neffect of thermal insulations for better heat conservation and better\nefficiency of the device by using a concave downward dish covered by aluminum\nsheets, the dish used to reflect the solar radiation to the water tank. The\nboiler body is a box mad of polystyrene foam boards with length, width and\nheight of 45cm, 43cm and 28.5cm respectively. The purpose of this research was\nto reach the 60\u2070C water\ntemperature, but handmade boiler reached a temperature about 10\u2070c more than the target.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words: <\/strong>solar boiler,\nthermal insulation, heat conservation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc<\/strong>: \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u060c\n\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646  <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Standards Using Balanced Credit\nCard Model (By looking at the performance of teacher in<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Educational and training\norganizations)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by:<\/strong> Abdolqados\nEbrahimi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To enter the unknown world with the use of\ninformation technology, the necessity of a comprehensive program is\nindisputable. One of the prerequisites for setting up such a program is to have\nsufficient information about the evaluation criteria and performance standards\nfor the different departments. Balanced Credit Card Model is one of the most\neffective and well-known models in the field of management literature, which is\nused today to evaluate the performance of organizations in a comprehensive\nmanner. This model examines the organization’s four areas of human resources,\ncustomers, and market relations, the financial sector, and the internal processes\nof the organization through the production, marketing, and so on. In this\narticle, the intention is to provide and analyze standards or criteria related\nto these sectors in various organizations, including educational organizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words<\/strong>: human resources, performance evaluation,\nwise employees, balanced credit card.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647\u00ad \u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc:<\/strong> \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u00ad\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Status of\nInternational Law in the Legal
\nSystem of Afghanistan<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by:<\/strong> Ahmadi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

International law has since\nflourished in terms of superiority, equality, or lowering of domestic rights\n(History). The status of international law in Afghanistan’s current\nconstitution and ordinary laws is not explicitly stated (Issue). Concerning the\nsuperiority of domestic law or international law, there are two monistic and\nidealistic foundations, each of which has its own doctrines and reasons\n(background). Therefore, the main question of this article is: Based on the\ncurrent legal system in Afghanistan, international law is preferred or domestic\nlaw (question). It seems that in most countries following the Islamic-law\nsystem developed by the Islamic approach, domestic law is superior to\ninternational law (hypothesis). Explaining the status of international law in\nthe current legal system and its executive power (purpose). By referring to\ndomestic laws, international documents and trusted books (methodology). The\nstudy shows that international law is based on the current legal system of\nAfghanistan, especially international treaties, after the constitution and\nbeyond the ordinary laws (result).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords:<\/strong> international law, treaties,\napproval, constitution law and normal law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0646 <\/strong>\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc<\/strong>: <\/strong>\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648\u060c 11 \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0635\u0644\u062d\n\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NATO-Russia Approach to Afghanistan\nand its Impact on Sustainable Peace (From September 11 up now)<\/strong>
\n
\n<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by: <\/strong>Yalda yusefi
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sept. 11 is a turning point to redefine\nsecurity and its domains. The September 11 incident and the discussion of\nterrorism and fundamentalism created a new existential crisis for NATO. After\nthis incident, Afghanistan was declared the focus of international terrorism,\nthe expansion to the East of NATO from one side and the growing fundamentalism\nin Central Asia, on the other hand, made the security of Russia’s southern\nborders fragile, hence Russia as one of the powers An area to maintain the\nborders of its region in line with NATO entered the campaign against\ninternational terrorism. The question is why NATO has so far failed to secure\nthe security of Afghanistan, and whether the presence of two major powers such\nas Russia and NATO in Afghanistan can improve the situation in the country. The\njoint positions of Russia and NATO in Afghanistan to combat terrorism and\nintelligence cooperation in this regard, as well as the establishment of good\ngovernance, will increase lasting peace in Afghanistan in particular, and in\nthe region and the world in general.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key words:<\/strong> NATO, September 11, Russia,\nAfghanistan, Terrorism, Sustainable Peace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u0630 \u0639\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c\n\u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the\neffects of obligations (Real Executions)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by:<\/strong> yahya mujaddi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstrac<\/strong>t<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Real Execution is an action\nthat the obligator, undertakes with complete satisfaction. Optional\nimplementation of the subject of obligation is an inseparable part of Real\nexecution. This does not prevent that, in some cases, in addition to fulfilling\nthe consent of the obligator, the consent of the creditor also plays a\nsignificant role. The subject of an obligation can sometimes be a transfer of\nproperty or a cash payment. Yet, performing an\naction and abandonment of an action is one of the clearest examples\nof Real execution of obligations. Eventually,\ndelivery of property can also be evaluated as the last evidence to Real\nexecution of obligations. Real execution requires special conditions to be\nenforced, in case, the conditions are not met, and the obligator is not forced\nto execute the contract due to withdrawal from the area of authority. It is\nalso worth noting that in many cases the ground to which non-implementation of\nthe contract occurs is beyond the power of the obligator. Because the occurrence\nof natural disasters and changes in the situation by force majeure, become\nfactors for delaying the implementation of the contract and\nperhaps may result in non-implementation of the contract. To put light on the\nsubject, we explain the nature of the Real execution. Following to\nthat, we go through the conditions of Real execution, and then we will\nexamine the implications of it. Lastly, we shed light on the nature of the\nobligation in order for the reader to have better grasp of the subject. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key <\/strong>words:<\/strong> Real execution – defined\nproperty -performing an action and abandonment of and\naction \u2013 delivery of property – Obligation by result and obligation by means<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f<\/strong>\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u062a\u0648\u0642\u06cc\u0641 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u060c\n\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arrogance and arbitrary arrest<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by:<\/strong> Zahra Sheikh\nZadeh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nThe imprisonment\nof the accused is the most important provision of the punishment under which\nthe judge is subject to certain conditions and conditions.This kind of supply is a necessary\nmeans of dealing with criminal matters, but the unconditional use of it without\nlegal observance of it is a harmful act of public interest and individual\nfreedoms. Today, the effort is to limit the\nissuance of this order under certain terms and conditions, and to accept the\nobjection of the accused and to investigate it at the competent authority, His\ndefense rights are guaranteed in a desirable manner. In\nthis research, attempts have been made to investigate the right to protection\nfrom arbitrary detention and the right to protest illegal seizure as\ndefendant’s defense rights, in Afghan law and in international documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words:<\/strong> Illegal seizure, defending rights accused, Afghan laws, International documents<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
 <\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u00ad<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Investigation\nand management of Herat water supply network<\/strong>
\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Written: Mohammad Noor Sheida
\n
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abstract<\/strong>
\nIncreasing\ncities, industrial progress, water scarcity, migration, modern life and\nattention to public hygiene are among the most important causes of urban water\nsupply problems. In the design of the water supply network, all technical\nmeasures should be checked, since any mistake in the initial design will lead\nto substantial costs after it has been implemented. Herat’s Irrigation Network,\nwhich had been operating under the authority of Herat’s municipality since\n1340, has managed to drill 24 wells inside the city and Novin District of the\nGizil District, constructing six earth reserves and three storey elevations,\nwith 12 house pumps, extending 624 km of network length Water Pipes and\nAppropriate Management System for Approximately 55,000 Water Wells. This study\nexamines the existing system of water supply from the source to the\ndistribution of water to the subscribers, which includes the study of all the\nfacilities of the Irrigation Network Network, taking into account the results\nof the analysis and the challenges of the system Present a new management plan\nto improve the management of Herat water supply network Al.
\nKey words: <\/strong>water supply network, water distribution system, water\npurification, water supply network management<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u0686\u06a9\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u0648\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0646\n\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc: <\/strong>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0645\u060c\n\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u060c\n\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0633\u06cc.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The\nchallenges of the administrative system in the Third World countries and its\nways have been removed<\/strong>
\n
\n<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Written by: <\/strong>Farhad Hamidi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nFor many years, the\npatterns of import management developed in the developed world have been\nlargely applied in developed countries without any expected effect. Third-world\ncountries, because of the many differences they have with each other, the world\nlooks like they can be grouped into a group or group. One of the common aspects\namong the Third World countries is the characteristics of the administrative\nsystem for these societies and their problems. The administrative system in\neach organization is considered to be an integral part of the organization.\nThis system is in fact a platform for achieving the goals and agenda of the\norganization, and the efficiency and effectiveness of all components and\ncomponents of the organization depend on it. One of the main reasons behind the\nbackwardness of some countries is the characteristics and characteristics of\ntheir administrative and management systems. Therefore, in this review article,\nwe attempt to study some of the features of the governance of the\nadministrative systems of Third World countries.
\nKey Words:<\/strong> Third World, Administrative\nSystem, System, Management, Bureaucracy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/664"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=664"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/664\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":670,"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/664\/revisions\/670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/asia.edu.af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=664"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}